Which approach emphasizes duties and universal principles regardless of consequences?

Which approach emphasizes duties and universal principles regardless of consequences?

• A. Deontological ethics
• B. Utilitarianism
• C. Relativism
• D. Consequentialism

Answer: (A)

Deontological ethics emphasizes duties and universal principles regardless of consequences. In this view, what makes an action right is that it follows a moral rule or duty that applies to everyone, not the outcomes it produces. For example, in criminal justice, this means upholding due process and respecting individuals' rights even if bypassing those rules could yield a quicker or greater overall benefit. The moral value lies in the action conforming to a universal rule, not in the amount of good or harm that results. This contrasts with utilitarianism or other forms of consequentialism, which judge actions by their outcomes, potentially sidelining strict duties for better results. Relativism, meanwhile, anchors morality in cultural or personal norms rather than universal duties, so it also does not center on universal principles guiding all actions.

Deontological ethics emphasizes duties and universal principles regardless of consequences. In this view, what makes an action right is that it follows a moral rule or duty that applies to everyone, not the outcomes it produces. For example, in criminal justice, this means upholding due process and respecting individuals' rights even if bypassing those rules could yield a quicker or greater overall benefit. The moral value lies in the action conforming to a universal rule, not in the amount of good or harm that results. This contrasts with utilitarianism or other forms of consequentialism, which judge actions by their outcomes, potentially sidelining strict duties for better results. Relativism, meanwhile, anchors morality in cultural or personal norms rather than universal duties, so it also does not center on universal principles guiding all actions.